by Eddie Scarry 
Privilege
 is an outgrowth of the social justice movement, that branch of 
political activism that asserts there’s an inherent unfairness, and 
prejudice, rooted in American life. This unfairness manifests itself in 
the oppression, grievance, and victimization of women, nonwhites, gays, 
lesbians, and even transsexuals. It’s an ideology that demands that the 
country’s very foundations, customs, and norms be reordered to right all
 of its wrongs. The goal of the movement isn’t always clear because it 
frequently changes, depending on which set of people is deemed to have 
suffered adequately and which set is guilty of some form of privilege. 
Because the movement operates largely by using shame, it can sometimes 
seem that shame is in itself the objective.
Friedrich Nietzsche directly influenced today’s version of 
social justice by asserting that there is an inseparable link between 
morality and power. He wrote in his 1887 book 
 On the Genealogy of Morality
 that those who wished to overthrow the established hierarchy intended 
to invert it so that the bottom would become the top and vice versa. 
This wasn’t his prescription for society, but rather a severe criticism 
of the tendency to view society’s subordinates as inherently moral. 
“Only those who suffer are good,” he wrote with acrimony. “Only the 
poor, the powerless, the lowly are good; the suffering, the deprived, 
the sick, the ugly, are the only pious people, the only ones saved, 
salvation is for them alone, whereas you rich, the noble and powerful, 
you are eternally wicked, cruel, lustful, insatiate, godless, you will 
also be eternally wretched, cursed and damned!”
Nietzsche was identifying and criticizing the notion that 
those at the bottom of civilized societies should be presumed virtuous 
and admirable simply by nature of their suffering and disadvantages. But
 that concept is precisely what forms the basis of the present social 
justice movement. According to the movement and its ideology, the good, 
virtuous, and admirable are those who claim to have been aggrieved on 
account of their race, gender, or sexuality. Under social justice, 
asserting grievance and claiming oppression earns an individual a higher
 moral worth than those who are deemed “privileged.”
Who has the power in America’s culture now? The social 
justice movement does, and that power is reinforced by Hollywood, the 
news media, academia, and much of the Washington political 
establishment. Social justice ideology first spread through the 
universities and from there, to the other hubs of American culture. It 
went from university academics, who taught it to their students, and 
then flowed from them to screenwriters and journalists. What’s seen in 
Hollywood entertainment and in national newspapers, on the TV news, and 
on the internet becomes a piece of our collective culture. With enough 
repetition, it’s then absorbed into the mainstream. This is how social 
justice ended up everywhere.
The ridiculous notion that individuals hold their own 
truths, as reflected in the asinine “live your truth” mantra, is a key 
feature of the social justice movement’s ideology. It’s linked to what 
early 20th-century Hungarian theorist Georg Lukacs called “standpoint 
epistemology.” Epistemology is the philosophy of understanding human 
knowledge. Standpoint epistemology, or standpoint knowledge, holds that 
the perspective of a certain person can lend that individual access to a
 unique truth that others don’t have and can never obtain. Lukacs 
developed the concept in his 1923 work 
History and Class Consciousness,
 in which he refers to a kind of “knowledge” held by people of the 
working class that “stands on a higher scientific plane objectively.”
In essence, depending on an individual’s identity — race, 
gender, sexuality, or any combination thereof — he or she will have 
access to a truth unobtainable to anyone who doesn’t share that 
identity. Furthermore, social justice dictates that these truths must be
 acknowledged as unchallengeable and that the “victims” who profess to 
hold them are to be regarded with reverence. 
In America, the earliest signs of social justice in its 
current state began in the 1960s. Postmodern theories and ideas about 
class resentments and struggles made their way from Western Europe, 
spread among academics, and eventually gave birth to the third-wave 
feminist movement, according to New York University professor Michael 
Rectenwald. They spun off from there, creating the things that normal 
people now dread: political correctness, affirmative action, calls for 
reparations, identity politics, civil rights for infinite special 
classes of citizens, and on and on.
Because the social justice ideology, the movement, and its 
enforcers operate outside the purview of normal people, they have their 
own concepts and terms, some or all of which you might not have heard 
before.
According to Rectenwald, “social justice” as a 
well-intentioned remedy to economic, societal problems traces back to 
the 1840s, when Italian Catholic Jesuit priest Luigi Taparelli d’Azeglio
 used the term to describe “the glaring lack of an adequate Catholic 
response to industrialism and urbanization, with their associated social
 and economic symptoms.” It was the “supplanting of guild-based cottage 
industries by urban factories [and] the displacement of workers” during 
the Industrial Revolution that moved d’Azeglio to state that a certain 
social justice was required to remedy the impact it had had on the 
laborers.
During that period, factories and advancements in machinery
 disrupted the working classes of Western Europe, just as automation has
 done to the Midwest in America today. The technological shift created 
economic opportunity for some at devastating expense to others. “The 
original social justice,” writes Rectenwald, “amounted to the protection
 and mobilization of small charitable and philanthropic organizations to
 address (but not eliminate) the recalcitrant social facts of 
individual, economic, and political inequality, which had been 
exacerbated under the new industrial economy.” 
In short, there were private charities that worked to 
ameliorate the effects of job displacement and poverty of the industrial
 age. That was considered social justice. It stands in contrast to 
today’s social justice movement, which is only tangentially concerned 
with uplifting the impoverished. It instead trains its energy on 
bringing down the “privileged” and reordering the social hierarchy 
around identity and grievance. It wants the moral superiority of the 
oppressed moved to the top and nothing less.
Feminists of the 1980s did most of the work in bringing social justice from academia to the rest of America. In her 1986 book 
The Science Question in Feminism,
 influential feminist Sandra Harding writes that “by starting from the 
lived realities of women’s lives, we can identify the grounding for a 
theory of knowledge that should be the successor to both Enlightenment 
and Marxist epistemologies.” In other words, Harding is asserting that 
women, simply by nature of their gender, possess a particular knowledge 
that should function as the viewpoint by which the world operates. 
If standpoint knowledge functions as the brain of social 
justice ideology, its heart is intersectionality, an ever-shifting 
ranking system that determines who is more aggrieved than the next, who 
deserves more deference than the other. It’s a hazy, nonconcrete way of 
measuring overlapping identities and their corresponding hardships and 
victimhood. The more cross sections of oppressed identities an 
individual can claim, the higher his or her status on the 
intersectionality scale.
It gets messy even within the movement. Who can say whether
 one person is more aggrieved than another? Is a black woman more or 
less oppressed than a white gay man? Is a Latino man more or less 
privileged than a Palestinian transgender woman? Is a Native American 
man more or less aggrieved than a lesbian Asian woman? It’s all worked 
out through a type of never-ending oppression Olympics, a competition 
for the title of Most Aggrieved. The judges are the social justice 
enforcers, the culture fascists in academia, in Hollywood, in the news 
media, and in political Washington. 
Black feminist author Gloria Watkins, better known by her 
pen name "bell hooks," helped usher in the intersectionality ranking 
system in her 1984 book 
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, a
 critique of the feminist movement of the 1960s. In that book, she 
argues that the movement overlooked struggles against forms of 
oppression that fall outside of gender, and outside of white women in 
particular. She writes, “Within society, all forms of oppression are 
supported by traditional Western thinking. ... Sexist oppression is of 
primary importance … [because] it is the practice of domination most 
people are socialized to accept before they even know that other forms 
of group oppression exist.” She continues, “Since all forms of 
oppression are linked in our society because they are supported by 
similar institutional and social structures, one system cannot be 
eradicated while the others remain intact.”
Hooks maintains that the most discussed grievance of the 
time, the lack of women’s sexual and economic independence, was only the
 first step in addressing other forms of oppression not yet acknowledged
 by society. That observation was a prescient prediction of the 
situation in present-day America, with its bottomless well of grievance 
and oppression.
The most up-to-date idea of privilege, social justice 
theory’s ultimate adversary, was pushed into the mainstream by Peggy 
McIntosh, who is famous for her 1988 essay, 
White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women’s Studies.
 The essay builds on 1960s feminism but ventures into race by critiquing
 the privilege of white people in everyday life. Without ever using the 
phrase, McIntosh talks about the hierarchy of intersectionality. She 
refers to it instead as “interlocking oppressions.” And without ever 
using the phrase, she introduces social justice ideology’s most potent 
weapon — the modern-day struggle session: the command to “check your 
privilege” in front of the masses.
“I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package
 of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about 
which I was ‘meant’ to remain oblivious,” she writes. “White privilege 
is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, 
assurances, tools, maps, guides, codebooks, passports, visas, clothes, 
compass, emergency gear, and blank checks.” 
She goes on to give 46 examples of white privilege she 
personally enjoys, an exercise that college students are now instructed 
to replicate at universities all over the country. (I personally went 
through it during a mandatory freshman-level course.)
Among McIntosh’s examples of her white privilege are: “I 
can be reasonably sure that my neighbors in such a location will be 
neutral or pleasant to me”; “I can go shopping alone most of the time, 
fairly well assured that I will not be followed or harassed by store 
detectives”; and, “Whether I use checks, credit cards, or cash, I can 
count on my skin color not to work against the appearance that I am 
financially reliable.”
McIntosh’s “knapsack of special provisions” might have 
simply served as an innocuous set of observations about unrecognized 
prejudices if it weren’t for the second half of her essay. That part 
takes a maniacal nosedive and suggests that those who possess privilege 
feel a sense of shame and a sense of responsibility to atone for 
something they had no say in.
“A man’s sex provides advantage for him whether or not he 
approves of the way in which dominance has been conferred on his group,”
 McIntosh writes. “A ‘white’ skin in the United States opens many doors 
for whites whether or not we approve of the way dominance has been 
conferred on us.” She says that “individual acts can palliate, but 
cannot end” the cycle. “To redesign social systems,” she puts forth, “we
 need first to acknowledge their colossal unseen dimensions.”
To redesign social systems. That’s the entire purpose of the social justice movement. It’s to remake society from top to bottom.
McIntosh concludes her essay by denouncing the “myth of 
meritocracy,” which she says is kept alive by “obliviousness about white
 advantage [and] obliviousness about male advantage” and is “kept 
strongly inculturated in the United States.”
This is social justice. It’s an ideology that says the 
America you understand today is fundamentally broken and that full 
equality is unobtainable without a complete overhaul of its current 
order and a total abandonment of what McIntosh called the “myth of 
meritocracy.” Social justice maintains that there is no meritocracy, 
only identity, oppression, and privilege. Those assumed to hold an 
advantage due to their race, gender, or sexuality must submit to the 
aggrieved in accordance with the new intersectionality hierarchy.
“Politics,” says Rectenwald, “is reduced by social justice 
warriors to a series of … Facebook statuses, tweets, kneel-downs during 
the singing of the U.S. national anthem, and so forth.” This is called 
“virtue signaling” — overt gestures that communicate adherence to the 
movement and its ideology. 
Social justice is centered on who can claim the highest 
form of oppression, grievance, and victimhood at any given moment. It’s 
an endless competition in claiming to have been the most exploited, most
 subordinated, and most abused.
Social justice and its enforcers have created an 
ever-evolving, never-satisfied new class of people: the victims of 
privilege, who in turn become the privileged by victimization. They are 
our privileged victims.
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Eddie Scarry is a commentary writer for the Washington Examiner 
 and the author of  Privileged Victims: How America's Culture Fascists Hijacked the Country and Elevated Its Worst People , from which this essay is adapted.